This thematic Encyclopedia explores the multifaceted world of regional science, presenting a systematic and coherent overview of its central topics. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature of the field, examining the wide range of concepts, theories, methods and models that shape spatial-oriented approaches to the social sciences. Contributions from expert scholars delve into key aspects of regional science, from urban poverty and natural resource management to smart cities and AI. Highly accessible entries cover the definition, history, theoretical background, and applications of each topic, as well as avenues for future research. Key Features: Over 300 entries written by leading academics from across the globe Considers a broad range of issues in the context of both developed and emerging economies Clear thematic categorization of concepts into seven pivotal research domains reflecting the heterogeneity of the field Students and scholars of regional and urban economics, human and economic geography, planning, environmental science, transportation science, urban and rural sociology, and spatial econometrics will greatly benefit from this comprehensive Encyclopedia. It is also an essential resource for researchers, policymakers and industry professionals seeking to understand cutting-edge developments in the field.