In this second edition of their 2005 work, the authors offer market-based alternatives to recent health care reforms that center on tax changes, insurance market changes, and the redesign of Medicare and Medicaid. They show that, by promoting cost- conscious behavior and competition in both private markets and government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, we can slow the rate of growth of health care costs, expand access to high-quality health care, and slow down runaway spending.