When strange signs appeared in the sky over Québec during the autumn of 1660, people began to worry about evil forces in their midst. They feared that witches and magicians had arrived in the colony, and a teenaged servant named Barbe Hallay started to act as if she were possessed. The community tried to make sense of what was happening, and why. Priests and nuns performed rituals to drive the demons away, while the bishop and the governor argued about how to investigate their suspicions of witchcraft. A local miller named Daniel Vuil, accused of using his knowledge of the dark arts to torment Hallay, was imprisoned and then executed.

Stories of the demonic infestation circulated through the small settlement on the St Lawrence River for several years. In The Possession of Barbe Hallay Mairi Cowan revisits these stories to understand the everyday experiences and deep anxieties of people in New France. Her findings offer insight into beliefs about demonology and witchcraft, the limits of acceptable adolescent behaviour, the dissonance between a Catholic colony in theory and the church’s wavering influence in practice, the contested authority accorded to women as healers, and the insecurities of the colonial project. As the people living through the events knew at the time, and as this study reveals, New France was in a precarious position.

The Possession of Barbe Hallay is both a fascinating account of a case of demonic possession and an accessible introduction to social and religious history in early modern North America.

When strange signs appeared in the sky over Québec in 1660, people grew worried about the arrival of evil forces. Barbe Hallay, a teenaged servant, started to act as if possessed, and a miller accused of using dark arts to torment her was executed. Mairi Cowan explores this case of demonic infestation to understand the everyday experiences and deep anxieties of people in New France."Cet ouvrage offre un portrait soigneusement détaillé – appuyé par des interprétations soigneusement présentées – de l'histoire de Barbe Hallay et, à travers elle, d'une période importante de l'histoire de la Nouvelle-France." Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française“This outstanding account of how colonization, demonology, martyrology, and hagiography became intertwined in New France is both fascinating and instructive, providing a textured view of the beliefs and life conditions of Europeans and Indigenous people. In skilfully presenting arresting or amusing material without fanfare, Mairi Cowan takes readers on an emotional as well as an intellectual journey. Most historians cannot achieve this. The Possession of Barbe Hallay is a refreshing and engaging read.” Sarah Ferber, University of Wollongong and author of Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern France"Cowan uses the quotidian details of the life of a humble female French settler to portray the evolution of the colony into a more settled, less fearful society by the end of the seventeenth century. The local story of Barbe Hallay’s possession allows the author to illuminate 'the texture of everyday moments within grander historical narratives.' The close examination of her world is fascinating." Canada's HistoryMairi Cowan is associate professor in the Department of Historical Studies, University of Toronto Mississauga."Cowan amply demonstrates a society far more complex – and with far greater depth – than we might assume, given the often narrow and superficial narratives used to gloss over more than two centuries of French colonial experience in New France. The book stands on its own as an introduction to settler colonial life in the mid-seventeenth century, at roughly the halfway point in the evolution of the colony, and would make a fine history even without the narrative device of Hallay's possession interwoven throughout, leading us through a unique chapter in our history." Montreal Review of Books

Series Editors / Directeurs de la collection : Allan Greer and Carolyn Podruchny

This series features studies of the history of the northern half of North America – a vast expanse that would eventually be known as Canada – in the era before extensive European settlement and extending into the nineteenth century. Long neglected, Canada-before-Canada is a fascinating area of study experiencing an intellectual renaissance as researchers in a range of disciplines, including history, geography, archeology, anthropology, literary studies, and law, contribute to a new and enriched understanding of the distant past. The editors welcome manuscripts in English or French on all aspects of the period, including work on Indigenous history, the Atlantic fisheries, the fur trade, exploration, French or British imperial expansion, colonial life, culture, language, law, science, religion, and the environment.

Cette série de monographies est consacrée à l’histoire de la partie septentrionale du continent de l’Amérique du Nord, autrement dit le grand espace qui deviendra le Canada, dans les siècles qui s’étendent jusqu’au début du 19e. Longtemps négligé par les chercheurs, ce Canada-avant-le-Canada suscite beaucoup d’intérêt de la part de spécialistes dans plusieurs disciplines, entre autres, l’histoire, la géographie, l’archéologie, l’anthropologie, les études littéraires et le droit. Nous assistons à une renaissance intellectuelle dans ce champ d’étude axé sur l’interaction de Premières Nations, d’empires européens et de colonies. Les directeurs de cette série sollicitent des manuscrits, en français ou en anglais, qui portent sur tout aspect de cette période, y compris l’histoire des Autochtones, celle des pêcheries de l’Atlantique, de la traite des fourrures, de l’exploration, de l’expansion de l’empire français ou britannique, de la vie coloniale (la Nouvelle-France, l’Acadie, Terre-Neuve, les provinces maritimes, etc.), de la culture, de la langue, du droit, des sciences, de la religion ou de l’environnement.

"Through admirable research and enviable imagination, Cowan has so effectively reconstructed a time, place, and person that intrigued readers will want (and seek) more." American Religion“The Possession of Barbe Hallay is structured around five concise chapters, which mirror the stages of the subject’s life. Only a small portion of this woman’s fifty-year life was affected by demonic possession, which is presented here with integrity, reverence, and page-turning vigour.” Literary Review of Canada"Firmly grounded in documentary evidence reinforced by a meticulous synthesis of historiography. The Possession of Barbe Hallay is particularly significant as it contributes to important scholarship that fills the lacuna of studies on possession and witchcraft beyond the borders of western Europe."* Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft*CA"Masterful research. In a tour de force that explores themes of femininity in early New France, the early modern transfer of religious and supernatural belief across oceans, and the differences between colonial ideals and settler realities, Cowan has explicated one of New France's most mysterious witchcraft cases." Journal of History